PDF What are eye spots used for

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Common Home Remedies Used

By Armando Rodriguez

The use of specific spices, vegetables or well known items to treat an ailment is what is referred to as home remedies. Some may not have medicinal value, but are used as a result of being passed down from one generation to another. Others have however being proven to treat simple ailments such as head aches, sprains, or fevers. Each home remedy could help treat different ailments.

A scented solution of peppermint oil can be very helpful when dealing with severe headaches. The oil is convenient since it is cheap and comes naturally. After you rub it onto your temples, leave it for about thirty minutes for it to cool your nerves. The results are almost immediate.

Some people suffer from abnormal swelling of the abdominal area, a condition called bloating. If so, some dandelion tea can help get rid of the excess water the body is retaining. This it does by triggering bile juice from the liver which smashes fatty meals which make you bloated. A cup a day could make a positive change.

For those who frequently complain of back aches or pain, you can reduce the pain by applying peppermint ice massage. It has being proven that massages alone, peppermint oil menthol and ice are great remedies for back pain. First put a cup of water mixed with a few drops of peppermint oil in a refrigerator and leave it to freeze. Afterwards, remove it and have one of your friends massage it onto your back.

For those who have sore throats or persistent coughs, before rushing to the doctor, try a simple home remedy. You can make quick syrup made of cayenne pepper (1/4 teaspoon), water (2 tablespoons), apple cider vinegar (one teaspoon), and honey (one tablespoon). The mixture helps reduce the coughs and compel the sore throats, especially honey which has being traditionally used as a cure for persistent coughs.

During a hot day, when something very cold touches the roof of your mouth, a condition called brain freeze occurs. This is caused by the sudden change of temperature in the tissues. When this happens, a simple remedy may be sticking your thumb in the palate (the roof of the mouth) and applying pressure on it for thirty seconds or one minute. This tends to calm the nerves and reduce the pain through the heat generated from the tongue.

If you suffer from insomnia, try this for a change. Instead of your regular midnight snack, take a dose of tart cherry juice before going to sleep. The melatonin contained in the tart cherry has been tested and proved to help very much in providing a good night sleep.

To treat muscle aches and pulls, apply blue cherry on the shins or affected area. The blue cherry reduces the pain by cooling the nerves. Thus it acts as a cold muscle therapy. Rubbing an ice pack for some thirty minutes on a swollen or bruised injury can also help reduce the pain and any inflammation.

About the Author:

Learn more about Home Remedies. Stop by Armando Rodriguez's site.

The Steps On How Essential Oil Nasal Inhalers Are Used Properly

By Karen Richardson

Usually, most of the people suggest on utilizing the nasal inhalers so that the main purpose of those essential oils are utilized for any kinds of situation. If these are to be used, for sure, people would be able to reap on the benefits of precious oils. So through this article, you can be able to learn on some of the easy ways on how to properly utilize these inhalers.

So first, get your inhaler then by using your preferred oils, place about 5 to 10 drops of it. The application of essential oil nasal inhalers may be varied depending on the type of inhaler. When making use of the disposable plastic type, the drops may either be applied directly into cotton pads then assembling the unit or may be placing few drops by the use of pipette which has a thin tip into the hole where the scent is coming from.

While if you are using a type where in the bottle has a removable metal, disassemble it first before placing some drops on the cotton swab. Then after, place the cotton inside that bottle then reassemble. And if you are using the type in which the metal is sealed, use as well the pipette that has a thin tip then insert down the drops into the hole or the opening of bottle.

And lastly are the personal inhalers. These are the most commonly used types among all. The usage of this is done through putting it just at the nostril tip and make sure to observe a proper distance of about one half an inch from the nostril. Avoid placing the unit inside nostrils for the avoidance of some problems. Just inhale very slowly when the unit is being held below the nostrils. You may count up to five when inhaling for each of the nostril.

Doing this can help the body utilize and absorb the oils. Thus, giving the molecules of essential oils the chance on getting absorbed by the bloodstream. And once the molecules are already there, it can now be delivered into the entire body and also to the brain. These can be used every 2 to 3 hours only if needed.

For those people who are having a nasal congestion, they are required to have 2 separate inhalers. First is preparing the peppermint. A peppermint is suggested for use because of its capability of reducing inflammation and swelling quickly in nasal passages. And to be able to do the correct inhalation, carefully follow the given instructions. You may need also one nostril with a finger when not inhaling.

In this way of holding one nostril, the other nostril would properly reap out the benefits of an oil like the peppermint. Do the process in both nostrils. After the inhalation of peppermint oil, you wait for few minutes. Then after this, the nasal passages are then opened. According to other people, nasal passages will open immediately bur for some, would take few more minutes.

When passages are already opened, it is now time to use the second inhaler. In this, you will be using the essential oil that you want. Just follow the methods stated above. If you deal with sinusitis or with some ailments in the upper respiratory, use the peppermint oils.

Once the inflammation feeling is controlled by the essential oils, you may not choose to use the peppermint oil type. One essential oil which is used for inhalers is lavender. The lavender can cure an anxiety feeling and also improves concentration when driving.

About the Author:

If you are looking for information about essential oil nasal inhalers, visit our web pages today. More details are available at http://www.soseo.ca/products.html now.

Menu 21 A List of Writeups on Gene Therapy Used in Ophthalmology

As with my menu on stem cells used in ophthalmology (Menu 20), here is one for the current articles on the use of gene therapy in ophthalmology, with links to the full writeups.

(Updated May 25, 2014)

Gene Thearpy

The Use of Gene Therapy in Treating Retinitis Pigmentosa and Dry AMD Nov. 2010

After several discussions with Sean Ainsworth, the founder of RetroSense, and much online research, I think I have learned a little about what gene therapy is about, and its application in ophthalmology, especially in the possible restoration of vision in those who suffer from retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Thanks to Sean for whetting my appetite -- here is what I have learned.

Gene Therapy Update 1: First Clinical Trial for a Form of Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) Approved to Begin Oct. 2010

In an announcement today, Oxford BioMedica said that it had gained approval from the FDA to begin a Phase I/IIa Clinical Trial for a form of Usher’s Syndrome, Type 1B, which leads to progressive retinitis pigmentosa combined with a congenital hearing defect.

Gene Therapy in Ophthalmology Update 2: Foundation Fighting Blindness Funds Six New Gene Therapy Projects  Oct. 2010

In a news release that I found on the net, I learned that the Foundation Fighting Blindness was going to put $8.25 million into six gene therapy projects, either already underway or about to start. The release contains good information about several projects that I knew about, and others that I did not.

Gene Therapy in Ophthalmology Update 3: Genetic Testing of RP Patients Necessary in Order to Direct Treatment  Nov. 2011

In  another of the presentations made during the Retina SubSpecialty Day Meeting, Dr. Stephen Tsang presented on factors and the genetics of retinitis pigmentosa. His paper was based on the article previously published by he and his co-author, Kyle Wolpert, that appeared in the November 2010 issue of Retinal Physician.

Gene Therapy in Ophthalmology Update 4: Table of Companies and Institutions Participating Nov. 2011

Again, this table is currently out-of-date. See Update 16.

Gene Therapy in Ophthalmology Update 5: A Complement-Based Gene Therapy for AMD Dec. 2011

A writeup about a start-up company, Hemera Biosciences, with a gene therapy approach to treating dry AMD.

Gene Therapy in Ophthalmology Update 6: First-Ever Clinical Trial for the Autosomal Recessive Form of Retinitis Pigmentosa (arRP) is Underway Dec. 2011

Thanks to my friends at the Foundation Fighting Blindness, I learned about this first human clinical trial using gene therapy for treating recessive retinitis pigmentosa.

Gene Therapy in Ophthalmology Update 7: 2012 the Year for Gene Therapy? Jan. 2012

In this opus, I discuss my reasons why I think 2012 is going to be the year for gene therapy and also presented my table of current clinical trials underway. (Again, note there is now an updated table available via Update 16.)

Gene Therapy in Ophthalmology Update 8: Promising Results in the Treatment of Leber’s Congenital Amaurosis (LCA)  Jan. 2012

A report on the progress being made in treating Leber’s using gene therapy, as reported by the Foundation Fighting Blindness.

Gene Therapy in Ophthalmology Update 9: Oxford BioMedica/OHSU Preparing to Treat First Usher Syndrome Patient & Oxford BioMedica Ophthalmic Program Update Mar. 2012

A report on the start of the program to treat Usher Syndrome patients at OSHU, and an update on other ophthalmic programs underway by Oxford BioMedica.


Gene Therapy in Ophthalmology Update 10: Gene Therapy Research in Dogs Cures X-Linked Retinitis Pigmentosa – Paves the Way for Similar Treatment in Humans  Mar. 2012

Researchers at several universities and laboratories collaborated to treat dogs afflicted with the x-linked form of retinitis pigmentosa, to deliver the therapeutic RPGR gene specifically to the diseased rods and cones, which led to functional and structural recovery. This is the first proof that this condition is treatable in an animal model and the researchers feel the results are promising and relevant for translation to humans afflicted with this disease.


Gene Therapy in Ophthalmology Update 11: Clinical Trial Details May 2012

In attempting to determine how many patients had been treated with gene therapy for eye disorders, I quickly found that no one was keeping track – at least no one that I could find.

So, I decided to try and get this data. I have now found reliable data for more than two-thirds of the 16 clinical trials underway and present this information in my new table. My latest table (available via Update 16) contains all of the newest data.

Editors Note: See Update 16 for access to the latest versions of the three tables.


Gene Therapy in Ophthalmology Update 12: First Gene Therapy Approval on the Horizon Jul. 2012

As Andrew Pollack writes in today’s NYTimes, “After more than two decades of dashed expectations, the field of gene therapy appears close to reaching a milestone: a regulatory approval. The European Medicines Agency has recommended approval of a gene therapy to treat a rare genetic disease.”

The therapy recommended for approval in Europe, called Glybera, was developed by uniQure, a Dutch company. It treats lipoprotein lipase deficiency, a disease that affects only several hundred people in the European Union and a similar number in North America.

People with the disease have a genetic mutation that prevents them from producing an enzyme needed to break down certain fat-carrying particles that circulate in the bloodstream after meals. Without the enzyme, so much fat can accumulate that the blood looks white rather than red.

The reason I believe that this is important is because it brings “legitimacy” to the whole field of regenerative medicine. As readers of this online Journal are aware, my interest is in the field of ophthalmology. As you may be further aware, I am currently tracking eleven clinical trials involving the use of stem cells to treat ophthalmic disorders and sixteen gene therapy clinical trials. Several of these are showing promising results and the above approval, when it comes, will bring increased attention to the whole of this field, including the ophthalmic trials.

Gene Therapy in Ophthalmology Update 13: New Clinical Site for Usher Syndrome Clinical Trials  Jul. 2012

The Foundation Fighting Blindness and Oxford BioMedica announced funding for a second clinical site to conduct a gene therapy trial for Ushers Syndrome. The site will be the Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts in Paris, and will join the ongoing clinical trial being held at the Oregon Health & Science University's Casey Eye Institute.

Gene Therapy in Ophthalmology Update 14: Early Positive Results in Ongoing Gene Therapy Wet AMD and Stargardt’s Disease Studies Aug. 2012

Last week, Oxford BioMedica and its partner Sanofi announced positive results in their ongoing gene therapy clinical trials for wet AMD and Stargardt’s disease. In an interim review of their Phase I (RetinoStat) and Phase I/IIa (StarGen) trials, the Data Safetly Monitoring Board (DSMB), an independent panel of specialists in the fields of ophthalmology, virology and vectorology, gave the go ahead to proceed to a final patient cohort in the Phase I study in the case of the RetinoStat trial, and to a third patient cohort in the Phase I/IIa study of the StarGen trial.

Gene Therapy in Ophthalmology Update 15: First Gene Therapy Treatment Approved! Nov. 2012

As I first wrote back in July (Update 12: First Gene Therapy Approval on the Horizon), the first approval of a gene therapy application in medicine was expected soon. It has now been accomplished. On November 2nd, the European Medicines Agency gave final approval to a gene therapy approach to treat a rare genetic disease.

The therapy, given approval in Europe, called Glybera, was developed by uniQure, a Dutch company. It treats lipoprotein lipase deficiency (LPLD), a disease that affects only several hundred people in the European Union and a similar number in North America.

The reason I am noting this accomplishment in this space, where I normally write about treatments for ocular diseases is, because it brings “legitimacy” to the whole field of regenerative medicine. As readers of this online Journal are aware, my interest is in the field of ophthalmology. As you may be further aware, I am currently tracking twenty one clinical trials involving the use of stem cells (or cell threapy) to treat ophthalmic disorders and sixteen gene therapy clinical trials. Several of these are showing promising results and the above approval will bring increased attention to the whole of this field, including the ophthalmic trials.


Gene Therapy in Ophthalmology Update 16: Current Tables Now Online Jan. 2013/May 2014

Access to the three updated tables of information about the companies and institutions active in gene therapy, the ophthalmic applications being pursued, and the clinical trials underway and completed.


Gene Therapy in Ophthalmology Update 17: Hemera Biosciences Obtains Initial Funding Mar. 2013

Hemera biosciences has obtained initial funding, along with the issuance of a US Patent covering their technology and can now begin manufacturing its drug, soluble CD59 (protectin), perform animal toxicology, and initiate a phase 1 clinical study.

To review, HMR59 is a gene therapy using an AAV2 vector to express a soluble form of a naturally occurring membrane bound protein called CD59 (sCD59), which blocks MAC. Membrane attack complex is the final common pathway of activation of the complement cascade, and is composed of complement factors C5b, C6, C7, C8 and C9 that assemble as a pore on cell membranes. The MAC pore induces ionic fluid shifts leading to cell destruction and ultimate death. 

HMR59 works by increasing the production of sCD59 by ocular cells. The sCD59 released from the cells will circulate throughout the eye and penetrate the retina to block MAC deposition and prevent cellular destruction. By blocking MAC, the remainder of the upstream complement cascade is left intact to perform its normal homeostatic roles.


Gene Therapy in Ophthalmology Update 18: A RetroSense Update  Mar. 2013

Since I first wrote about RetroSense in November 2010, I have learned that they are using a unique technology, called Optogenetic Therapy to treat retinitis pigmentosa and dry AMD. Optogenetics combines gene therapy and optical methods to provide vision where there is none.

The gene therapy allows the delivery of an “opsin” that converts second- or third-order non-light sensitive cells to become light sensitive to mimic the function of rods and cones.


Gene Therapy in Ophthalmology Update 19: A New Virus Vector for Safer Delivery of Gene Therapies Jun. 2013

Researchers at UCal Berkeley have found a gene therapy vector that can deliver genes deep into the retina via intravitreous delivery, instead of using a needle to deliver the virus sub-retinally.

This eliminates the need for a vitrectomy, anesthesia and a hospital stay to treat patients, allowing for a simple short office visit and injection into the vitreous, similar to the way anti-VEGF drugs for age-related macular degeneration are currently delivered.


Gene Therapy in Ophthalmology Update 20: Oxford BioMedica Gene Therapy Clinical Trials Resume Oct. 2013

As I have recently noted, both Oxford BioMedica and Genzyme had stopped recruiting for their respective gene therapy clinical trials this summer. Oxford announced the reason for its stoppage, but no word from Genzyme (and no response to my attempts to find out).

Well, Oxford announced today that it had resumed its clinical trial after receiving clearances from both the FDA and the French regulatory agency, ANSM.


Gene Therapy in Ophthalmology Update 21: New Gene Therapy Company, Spark Therapeutics, Launches Oct. 2013

Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia has spun out a new gene therapy company, Spark Therapeutics, that has taken over CHOP’s gene therapy programs. The new company takes over the advanced clinical trial for treating Leber’s Congenital Amaurosis, as well as an earlier stage trial for treating hemophilia B.

The Phase III clinical trial for Leber’s, is expected to be completed in mid-2015, and could become the first FDA-approved gene therapy treatment in the U.S.

Miscellaneous

A Golden Retriever Named Trevor and Retinitis Pigmentosa Apr. 2011

Recently, I encountered a unique referral source, goldenretrevor/pra-research. This piqued my curiosity and I went to the site and took a look. It turns out that the site is run by the owner of a Golden Retriever, named Trevor, along with two Labrador Retriever siblings. It seems that Trevor had been diagnosed with photo receptor cone disease (prcd), associated with progressive retinal atrophy (PRA). This was discovered when the dog was a puppy and the owner decided to look into this disease to see if there was anything that could be done to prevent him from going blind.

In doing extensive research, the owner, Katie McCormick, discovered that there was little research being done in the field of PRA in animals, but that PRA is genetically similar to retinitis pigmentosa (RP) in humans, as one study noted, "Identical mutation in a novel retinal gene causes progressive rod-cone degeneration (prcd) in dogs, and retinitis pigmentosa in man." And, there was lots of research being done on RP.

In her blog entry on PRA Research, Katie describes how she set up a “Google Alert” using the terms “progressive retinal atrophy” and “retinitis pigmentosa” – which is how she found my Journal article on The Use of Gene Therapy in Treating RP and Dry AMD.


A Novel Gene Therapy Approach to Treating the Wet Form of AMD: The BioFactoryTM From Avalanche Biotech  Feb. 2012

I originally contacted this company in November 2010, when they were still in “stealth mode” and weren't able to share details about what they were doing. Recently, the company got back in touch to provide an update, having announced, in December 2011, a clinical trial of their gene therapy approach to treating the wet form of AMD.

Since their approach is unique, and possibly “game changing” for the treatment of the wet form of AMD, I asked if I could prepare a writeup about the company and its technology for publication in my online Journal, and the co-founder and CEO Tom Chalberg agreed to answer my questions, as best as he could. So, here in their own words is what Avalanche Biotech is all about.


An Update on Avalanche Biotechnologies: A Potential Longer-Lasting Wet AMD Treatment? May 2014

With the news of a collaboration between Avalanche and Regeneron, we decided to update our initial report on Avalanche to describe what the collaboration is all about, as well as a brief update of the clinical trial underway using Avalanche’s Ocular BioFactory. Could this approach to treating wet AMD lead to fewer injections – once every 18 months or several years – in controlling this sight-robbing disease?